Social, Professional and Ethical Issues in Information System Literature review

Social, Professional and Ethical Issues in Information System - Literature review Example This has surely been possible with the advancement in technology. Furthermore, this need was fulfilled by the web and software IT designers in a much effective and functional manner, as explained in the book published by the Center for Financial Training. On the contrary, it is necessary to understand if these software and IT systems are in breach of any of the ethical laws or legal principles set by the governing authorities, or if these IT systems are strong and protective enough to avoid any frauds or theft of the client’s information, data, or belongings since it is the technology that leads towards the secruity violations (Center for Financial Training., 2009). Kondabagil, claims that although, online banking has been claimed as the most secured method by the banking sector but it has been facing ups and down regarding the security and privacy of the client’s data and thefts. ... Data Protection Act of 1998 According to the Data Protection Act of 1998, the British Government has provided a detailed list of the provisions that comes under the Act. From ‘Right to Access Personal Data’ to ‘Code of Practice’, ‘Restrictions’ and ‘Penalties’, every topic has been discussed to minimize chances of confusion regarding fraud data usage (Legislation.Gov.UK, 1998). This may help the online banking services and the IT systems that are designed for it. For example, if stricter laws will be applied and handsome penalties and punishments will be given to the accused then he or she will think twice before violating any law or regulation or conducting any ATM crime (Quinn, 2010). Relationship between Privacy and Online Banking There are numerous issues regarding privacy and online banking, which has shown the failure of the IT systems. These issues have given rise to different social, professional and ethical problems in the society. In legal terms, these issues have also violated many regulations, laws, and principles, which are solely designed as a guideline for online social, professional, and legal ethics. Because of this percentage of e-crime in different countries is increasing enormously. According to ‘The 2013 Identity Fraud Report’ issued by the ‘Javelin Strategy and Research’ it was revealed that more than $21 Billion have been stolen through different online fraud cases in banks. Different categories of online banking had been the victim of IT malfunction or ATM theft. It was reported that 5.26% of U.S. adults are affected every year because of this issue. These IT issues vary from social to ethical and legal aspects while talking about

Youth subcultures: Phil Cohen

Youth subcultures: Phil Cohen A critical evaluation of the work of Phil Cohen in relation to our understanding of youth subcultures According to Cohen (1972), the redevelopment of Londons working-class neighbourhoods which favoured social elites or the gentry resulted in the marginalization of working class residents, loss of community and deterioration of collective power in the East End. Thus, there was a breakdown of socio-cultural interaction and dynamics that led to the development of youth subcultures. The objective of this paper is to examine Cohens perspective on the impact of rapid development in London to development in the 1950s which prompted the subcultures. These subcultures became a critical channel for socialization and political action but also created distance with mainstream society that led to conflict and alienation (Fiske et al, 2009). Cohens (1972) perspectives, which were based on his examinations of the impact of Londons 1950s redevelopment highlights how public policies can have such a profound effect on individual and social order and perception. Today, many cities, not only London are dealing with an influx of migration which has significantly increased intercultural interactions. Though these trends have the potential to enrich society, there is also the challenge of having to deal with increased conflict and greater competition which often threatens already marginalized populations the most. In the 1950s, the city managers of London launched a rapid development project designed to revitalize the capital which still was not able to recover from the damages of the Second World War. This urban renewal project was designed to attract new residents as well as revitalize key areas of the city for trade and commerce. Many of the areas that were targeted for redevelopments were already resided in by working-class families who were then moved to what Cohen describes as fringe neighbourhoods. The areas were settled into by migrants who redesigned the areas according to their individual cultural and social backgrounds. This created a divide between neighbourhoods: the new development was for the social elite, young professionals and affluent immigrants and the suburbs which housed the relocated residents were typically known to be run-down and underdeveloped areas. As the discrepancy of quality of life became apparent to authorities, the city planning authorities sought mitigate th e situation by launching the development of high-rise housing projects specifically for working-class families. City administrators also endeavoured to attract back original residents through encouraging participation in new industries and trade and commerce channels. However, Cohen believes that the effort further marginalized these populations and increased the social and economic challenges of urban life. Cohen also gives particular attention to what he calls the collapse of matrilocal residence, a term which he uses to refer to the tendency of nuclear family extensions to reside in close proximity to each other. This further limits the capacity of families and individuals to sustain social ties and support systems which in turn is associated with the breakdown of shared values, mores and standards of conduct. Cohen also believes that the redevelopment created unprecedented economic and social stress among the working class. He points out that post-World War II, many family enterprises, traditionally the backbone of local trade and industries, were facing severe competition from industries and at the same time, labour and experts were being channelled to these industries from traditional family enterprises. There was even a campaign for the lat ter: it was deemed nationalistic to support the growth on these large-scale private industries that suffered from the war. At the same time, there was also an effort to promote the modernization project as a national development agenda, to reposition the country as the leader of trade and commerce in Europe. The publicity is said to have severely hampered labour supply among community industries creating the notion of labour aristocracy. The population that was most affected by these trends were new entrants to the labour market. The transition between the working environment of their parents and the working conditions brought on by the redevelopment were significant according to Cohen because they required not only the accommodation of new labour conditional but also a new social, economic and political order in very short period of time. To cope with the stress of these developments, according to Cohen, these populations created subculture groups to have a sense of identity and social reference. From this perspective, Cohen characterizes subcultures symbolic structures, not actually representing the individuals who make up the groups, representing a lifestyle or social perspective that does not fully conform to mainstream society. Identification of these subcultures can be made through a set of social subsystems which include their manner of dress, the music that is associated with them, the language or lexicon use d, and the rituals and customs that are coupled with membership or identity. According to a report developed by the World Bank (2009), the typical stress of community living are multiplies in urban settings because of the intensification of competition for resources, spaces and opportunities. At the same time, Rothwell (2003) points out that in time of stress, individuals need greater social reinforcement to be able to have a sense of security and belongingness. In the case illustrated by Cohen (1972) of Londons redevelopment in the 1950s, he suggests that the economic, social and political challenges that the working class of the era had to deal with contributed to the increase of urban stress and the breakdown of traditional support systems which in turn created the platform for the development of subcultures. Similarly, Majhanovich (2002) points out that the development of subordinate organizations is an indication that there are populations feel under-represented or unrecognized without necessarily becoming a functional organization. Thus, their organizat ion is a means of collecting power for representation or just recognition. This also supports Cohens (1972) assertion that subcultures are symbolic organizations, where membership is often individually defined and association can be only conceptual. Cohens definition of subcultures can be challenging but studying the examples that he provides is a great resource in understanding his perspective. Some of the challenges in his definition lie in his characterization of the phenomenon as symbolical rather than a collective of individuals. Another area of difficulty is the mechanism how youth membership in subcultures actually delays adulthood. Based on Cohens perspective, there is a suggestion is that there is almost a combative relationship between subcultures and mainstream society. This can be particularly apparent in view of his characterizations of subcultures as having Mohawks or being active in counter-culture movements. New research is more liberal, if not democratic, in its view of subcultures, noting that any group that creates an association with a particular mode of life or belief system that does not fully conform to social precepts can be considered as a subculture (Neuliep, 2006). However, this should be seen in the c ontext of contemporary society were diversity is more widely recognized and is being lobbied for in all sectors and levels of society. Though Cohens paper is supposedly limited to 1950s working class London, he makes significant extensions from this population to include lower and middle class families. Essentially, Cohens main distinction is between what he considers the elite and what he considers as ordinary people. It seems that Cohen is grouping them together primarily because they did not have ready access to the areas that were eyed for redevelopment which implies that the population criteria used by Cohen was not based on socio-economic level but rather a geographic one. This raises some concern regarding the demographic and psychographic homogeneity of these groups. In turn, this may have an implication on the conclusions made by Cohen on the social and psychological impact of the redevelopment project. However, this may not have an impact on his theories regarding the development of subcultures but will challenge the rationale he proposes for their initiation which he generally attributed to socio-economic stress. In parallel studies developed by contemporary researchers such as Rothwell (2003) and Neuliep (2006) regarding the development of sub-cultural ethnic groups, they point out that motivations are more socio-politically oriented. Analysis of the Cohen texts also shows some deficiency in the evidence that he provides for his arguments. These are not to the degree that one questions the authenticity of his assertions but some of his more emotive ideas could benefit from statistics or corollary studies to support the assertion that the 1950s redevelopment in London is a primary reason for the rise in subcultures that developed in subsequent years. However, it should also be recognized that since the text is already dated and thus, contemporary readers may not be able to readily relate holistically to the social conditions and context that are being discussed. Both Majhanovich (2002) and Fiske and associates (2009) point out that these generational divides can have a significant impact on how conditions are perceived and ultimately, how relationships and correlations are going to be recognized. It is also this rationale that Cohen (1972) believes is the reason why some subcultures were constructed and perceived t o be anti-establishment or to be non-conformist. It can also be one of the reasons why the subcultures are being associated with youth cultural and political movements: young members of a society, when thrust into social independence, have to navigate to orientation inculcated to them by authorities whose experience is based on an antecedent social context and may develop a sense of incongruity. At the same time, because younger populations may have less social investments and responsibilities, there is greater freedom for self-expression and in developing subcultures. Moreover, because growth and development are future-oriented and create social stress, younger members of a society who have yet to establish themselves are more vulnerable to its impact. According to Essess and associates (2001), perceptions of competition, identity and social roles are often issues that become critical to an individuals self valuation and thus, the need for affirmative social memberships. Cohen (1972) acknowledges the rationale for city planners for the redevelopment initiative but points out that they were remiss in mitigating its negative impacts. Worse, the efforts to reverse the resulting problems only increased the problems by the displaced working class families. Essentially, planners were not able to consider how the new social conditions can impact relationships, associations and identification of affected populations. Thus, these groups were not only further marginalized but were not equipped with access to traditional social groups to communicate their co ncerns or to lobby for action. In the article developed by Mueller (2005), peripheral populations are often sacrificed in the name of growth and development, however without the extension of the benefits of growth and development to these populations, quality of life cannot be raised. At the same time, the growth of disparities in social, economic and political status can be a source of conflict can then impede long-term growth and development goals. Cohens (1972) analysis of the impact of redevelopment of London in the 1950s marks a greater awareness of the impact of public policies to social, economic and political dynamics that will prevail. Though the motives behind the redevelopment undoubtedly was motivated by the desire to improve the quality of life of all citizenry, Cohens makes a valid point in citing that he efforts contributed to the urban stress that working class families were already dealing with. However, the research would have definitely benefitted from more extensive empirical evidence or the corroboration of parallel studies on the development of subcultures. In conclusion, Cohens paper provides critical insights on the impact of urban redevelopment to various populations, the changes in stress that can occur, and the responsibility of planners in ensuring that programs benefit the public as a whole and not just a few. In todays context of ever-increasing cultural and socially diversity, subcultures will likel y grow. In the context of its publication, there is no doubt that Cohen provided critical insights into the issue of not only youth culture and politics but also urban, growth and development concerns as well. The challenge now is not so much to control these developments but to be able to recognize such trends as a part of the growing diversity of modern societies and how to utilize them support growth and development. References: Cohen, P. (1972). Subcultural conflict working class community in Gelder, K., (Ed) 2nd edition (2005) The subcultures reader, London: Routledge. Cox, B. and Ephross, P.H (1998). Ethnicity and Social Work Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Esses, V., J. Dovidio, L. Jackson and T. Armstrong (2001). The Immigration Dilemma: The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice and National Identity. Journal of Social Issues 57, 3: 389-412 Fiske, A. P., Thomsen, L. and Thein, S. M. (2009). Differently embodying different relationships. European Journal of Social Psychology, Volume 39: 1294-1297 Majhanovich, S. (2002). Conflicting visions, competing expectations: Control and de-skilling of educationa perspective from Ontario. McGill Journal of Education, April. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3965/is_200204/ai_n9030852 Mueller, A. (2005). Whats Wrong With Economic Growth? Mises Daily, August 10. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http://mises.org/story/1877 Neuliep, J. W. (2006). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rothwell, J. D. (2003). In the Company of Others: An Introduction to Communication. London: McGraw-Hill Humanities World Bank (2009). Poverty, Growth, and Inequality. PovertyNet. Retrieved March 22, 2010, from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPGI/0,,contentMDK:20263370~menuPK:342777~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:342771,00.html Analysis of Modernism: Norman Cantor and Fredrich Nietzsche Analysis of Modernism: Norman Cantor and Fredrich Nietzsche Enemerio Galvan Introduction: In this essay, an analysis of what is modern, is an inquiry to a broad movement which birthed many Avant Garde styles; and put -ism in Modernism beginning with Impressionism movement, French/ German Expressionism, Fauvism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism to name few. Every movement questioned what is art, and what is Avant Garde, and as Butler suggests, what is going on? (p14). This cauldron of contemporaneousness overflowed into the early 20th century and beyond. Modernism Background: Modernism is an all-encompassing term of any art movements since the late 19th century that forever changed the history of the arts through the 20th century. The changes came about from philosophical views, propaganda, and criticism; widely influencing, more specifically, artists. In the late 19th century, a cultural revolution, and revolt to traditional École des Beaux Arts, in Paris France, where Henri Matisse would hold professorship position. The academy of formal arts had been negating art and artist in the late 1860s. The French Royal Academy, and the bourgeois class rejected art and artists subjectively because their style (pure abstraction) it was non-conforming to formalist conventions and hierarchy of realism. The schools system and hierarchy of categorizing placed historical paintings at the top, and oil paint as the medium of choice, but pure abstract painting was not acceptable at the academy. It was Gustave Courbet, in 1884, who did not accept rejection. Gustave Courbet (1819-1877), and Edouard Manet (1832-83) who paved the way for Modern art. However, this rejection birthed what Charles Baudelaire called, Avant Garde.   Initially, with an exhibit known as the Salon des Refusà ©s of 1863. Norman Cantor (1929-2004) In its earliest tendencies, modernist art began the reductive process of Realism to Abstraction otherwise considered a cultural revolution and rise in consciousness pre-modernism are:   Reformation, Enlightenment, and Romanticism (M1_Session 3).   Cantor is responsible for establishing and defining the characteristics of Modernism: Being anti historicist; taking a microcosmic view of things; self-referential; prefers to depict, or explore the non-ideal; embraces the aesthetic of fragmentation; recognizes the randomness found in the world; strongly functionalist and concerned with techne; recognizes the interactive nature of things; Elitist; new openness toward sexuality; fearlessly considers the issues of mass culture; tends towards moral relativism; embraces the very Nietzschean nation that humanity is most authentic when engaged in the arts; pessimistic vitality, and lastly Modernism is opening to pluralism, and multicultural influences. (M1_Session 6). Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900): was a German philologist, poet, cultural critic and philosopher, and Latin and Greek scholar whose profound influence impacted Western philosophy, and its modern history. Nietzsche, had a difficult time growing up, and was frequently plagued with family and health problems. In 1864, he attended the University of Bonn where he met his friend Ritschl, and later, Nietzsche followed him to Leipzig University. It was in Leipzig where his views of religion would never be the same (Nietzche vii). With his rearing, and health issues (of madness) and new perspective on religion was foreshadowing to his world view, and some of his greatest philosophical polemics on Western Culture such as reason, and truth, morality Nihilism and Apollonian and Dionysian; he was after all considered a mad man. The first movement of the twentieth century, is Fauvism and it intention was to project a subjective epiphanic and important experience (Butler p15). Meaning this is the new and now in art. In the early twentieth century was a period philosophers like Kant, Marx and Nietzsche, and the psychology Sigmund Freud where contributing influences which propagated an emergence of genres within the modern umbrella. In Christopher Butlers book, Modernism: A Very Short Introduction, clearly suggests, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and we shall see, epiphanic ways of coming to the truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Butler p 15). In this statement Butler, affirms the subjectivity pertaining to consciousness, in that art too is subject to, its influences of criticism and philosophical ideals based on truth. Later, in the 20th century is the French Fauvist, Henri Matisse (1869-1954) is best known for pure expressive color and exaggerated forms to express emotion, emotive brushstroke cemented Matisse as Avant Garde artist in the early 20th century. In his painting Luxe, Calme et Voluptà ©, 19041.This painting is a departure from Neo Impressionism that sets the stage for the Fauves movement as coined by Louis Vauxcelles. Per Dempsey, with its bright palette and subjective, emancipated use of colour, it creates an atmosphere and decorative surface (66). Meaning that by subjective Matisses colors and style is self -referential according to Cantor characteristics of Modernism, and is further reductive of humanism and more Apollonian way of life, the presumptive mask of calmness. Another example of Apollonian system is his painting, Joy of Life (Bonheur de vivre: Joie de vivre),1905-06.2 The scene depicts the figure in a leisurely and gestural quality, engaged in exhibitionist sensuality; a new embrace of sexuality. The color palette is pure and complementary, mostly middle value. Next, Matisses European counterparts, the German Expressionists are Die Brà ¼cke (1905) and Der Blaue Reiter (1911). The German Expressionist where inspired and heavily influenced, by their native compatriot Friedrich Nietzsche, whose Nihilism, and the Apollonian and Dionysian philosophies characterized a darker view on humanism, truth, and the mask of the personae. Nietzsche believed that was modernity was lacking spirituality, and its all and empty faà §ade, and materialistic (immoral) and heretic, and his method was philosophizing with a hammer metaphorically to reveal the emptiness, and lack of humanistic substance (Delevati). Bold colors, dark lines, and angular lines was another reductive method of realism.

Nuclear Power - Whats missing from the debate? Essay -- Argumentative

Nuclear Power - What's missing from the debate? It is not generally a great idea to apologize for one's paper at the beginning, but the majority of this essay is going to include something which Swatties (or at least, I) have a great tendency to do - through attempting to think critically about issues, end up tearing apart the reasoning/argument of the author we don't think has thought everything through, or with whose opinion we do not agree (which, as some of us were informed by a professor of ours, is not very nice). However, I do think this is a worthwhile exercise, especially when dealing with a very real world problem/debate such as that surrounding nuclear power, as everyone can learn from the holes others see in one's argument. Hopefully, as well, you all will help to point out further discrepancies for me and refute my attacks on the author's behalf. In his essay Yes: Nuclear Power Is Safe, and We Need It, Jagger presents a litany of reasons for why nuclear power is safer than other energy-gathering technologies, why it is economically viable, why all of the fears surrounding its by-products are unfounded. He presents his case for nuclear power almost exclusively in relation to coal-burning energy, however. If nuclear power really will solve all the world's energy problems, including reducing the amount of air pollution released each year (which cuts down on respiratory disease, acid rain, ozone depletion, and the greenhouse effect), providing limitless energy to the world through the use of an infinite resource, and doing everything safely and at extremely low cost, why would one consider it in terms of purely the dirty, environmentally unfriendly, dangerous coal industry? Why not take on all possible energy te... .... It does not require an extreme view, but if one looks at the natural environment as being worthy of consideration, in addition to human life, one may find extremely compelling reasons for rejecting nuclear power on ethical grounds. This ethical rejection would be grounded firmly in reasoning and based on facts surrounding the debate, but would not accept the requisite disposal problems associated with nuclear power. I believe that this is the approach we have discussed in class on numerous occasions, and that Hans has been hoping we would adopt it as the way to defend ourselves and our environment. However, it requires critical thinking, constant questioning, a lot of refuting, and awareness of the (disappointing) potential for impurity in science. I hope we can work on developing these kind of ethical approaches to many of the problems we encounter in the future.

Adobe Photoshop: History and Background Essay

1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter indicates the history or the background of the Adobe Photoshop CS5 and Gimp, the scope and limitations of both system and also the objectives of it and the definition of terms In addition, the Photoshop was developed and distributed by the Adobe Photoshop Company. At the very beginning it was intended for editing images for print, but it has also gained popularity as a tool for creation and editing web graphics. This is another reason that it has become so popular. The last Photoshop versions also include the special application – Image Ready, which was added specifically for work with web graphics easier.GIMP has got an official version for Mac users in history. We’ve included this build into our downloads section too, and users that are surfing on our site will automatically get this official build suggested from now on. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This story begins in 1987 when 2 brothers, Thomas Knoll and John Knoll started developing Photoshop. In 1989 they completed the project and called it Photoshop 1.0. Adobe became interested in this project and the first version of Photoshop was released in 1990. It was about 1.4 Mb, and could be placed on a single floppy-disk. Initially Photoshop was created for the Macintosh platform. Compatibility updates for Windows, IRIX, and Solaris was added later. At present Photoshop can be used on Windows and Macintosh platforms. Photoshop CS5 was launched on 12 April 2010.In a video posted on its official Facebook page, the development team revealed the new technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools. In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5; version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup and saving an 16-bit image as a JPEG. Another feature includes the Adobe Mini Bridge which allows for efficient file browsing and management.CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D and video editing. A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork.The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects.For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence. CS5 and CS5 Extended were made available through Adobe’s online store, Adobe Authorized Resellers and Adobe direct sales. Both CS5 and CS5 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone application or feature of Adobe Creative Suite 5.The price for CS5 is US$699 and the extended version is US$999. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac OS andWindows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. GIMP was originally released as the General Image Manipulation Program,by creatorsSpencer Kimball and Peter Mattis. Development of GIMP began in 1995 as a semester-long project at the University of California, Berkeley; The first public release of GIMP (0.54) was made in January 1996 and in the following year (1997) GIMP became a part of the GNU Project. The acronym GIMP was changed to mean the GNU Image Manipulation Program in reflection of its existence under the GNU Project. CurrentlyGIMP is developed by a self-organized group of volunteers under the banner of the GNOME Project. The number of computer architectures and operating systems GIMP supported has expanded significantly since its first release. The first release supported UNIX systems such as GNU/Linux, SGI IRIX and HP-UX. Since the initial release, GIMP has been ported to many operating systems, including Microsoft and Mac OS X; the original port to the Windows 32-bit platform was started by Finnish programmer Tor Lillqvist (tml) in 1997 and was supported in the GIMP 1.1 release. GIMP saw formation of a community and rapid adoption following the first release. The community that formed began developing tutorials, artwork and shared better work-flows and techniques. A new GUI tool kit called GTK+ (GIMP tool kit) was developed to facilitate the development of GIMP. GTK+ replaced its predecessor GTK after being redesigned using a modern software design technique called object oriented programming. The development of GTK+ has been attributed to Peter Mattis becoming disenchanted with the Motif GUI toolkit GIMP originally used; Motif was used up until GIMP 0.60 1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study focuses on the study of Adobe Photoshop CS5 vs. Gimp of selected students in Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa enrolled in school year 2012-2013 with 2nd year students as respondents. The delegation of the study covered the Adobe Photoshop CS5 vs. Gimp, its causes, and how it affects the performances of the users and the researchers themselves. The researchers believe that such number selected purposively at random were enough to get an idea as to the instruction in the future life of every users. 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY * To identify the purpose, audience, and audience needs for preparing image(s). * To demonstrate knowledge of standard copyright rules for images and image use. * To demonstrate knowledge of project management tasks and responsibilities. * To communicate with others (such as peers and clients) about design plans. * To demonstrate knowledge of design principles, elements, and image composition. * To demonstrate knowledge of color correction using Photoshop CS5. * To demonstrate knowledge of image-generating devices and how to access resulting images in Photoshop. * To understand key terminology of digital images. * Demonstrate knowledge of producing and reusing images. * Select the appropriate features and options required to implement a color management workflow. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Nowadays it is important for people to have basic knowledge about IT because computers are used practically everywhere. It happens very often that employers hire people who are able to use PCs and may reject those who don’t have at least basic computer skills. As a result, it is becoming more and more significant especially for people who study and work to develop their capability in using computer technologies. It is possible to say that people with computer literacy may know not only how to type but also how to edit PDF or how to install software on their PCs. It is necessary to know that there are different types of computer skills which may be categorized in the following way: basic computer skills, intermediate skills which may also be called computer literacy and advanced skills which are not obligatory for ordinary computer users. However, it may be a good idea to develop personal skills in this sphere in order to optimize working. 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS Crop tool. Can be used to select a particular area of an image and discard the portions outside of the chosen section. Freeform pen Tool. Allows the user to draw paths freehand, and with the magnetic pen tool, the drawn path attaches closely to outlines of objects in an image, which is useful for isolating them from a background. Eyedropper Tool. selects a color from an area of the image that is clicked, and samples it for future use. Hand Tool. navigates an image by moving it in any direction, and the zoom tool enlarges the part of an image that is clicked on, allowing for a closer view. Marquee Tool. Can make selections that are single row, single column, rectangular and elliptical. Once an area of an image is highlighted, Lasso tool. Is similar to the marquee tool; however, the user can make a custom selection by drawing it freehand. The GIMP Path Tool. Allows you to create selection outlines that you can paint along, then reuse and reshape. GIMP’s Generic Graphics Library, or GEGL Tools. Enable a variety of operations, including those for coloring and blurring images. You can also perform many of these operations with other tools like filters. CHAPTER II 2.1 SHORT INTRODUCTION This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present subject relating to the other studies and is briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the proposed system. In order to develop a new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the software.. 2.2 RELATED LITERATURE According to Ira Block, of Ira Block Photography each new version of Photoshop has included many exciting enhancements, but Photoshop CS5 is the most amazing technological jump I’ve seen since I started using the software. The Content-Aware Fill feature in Photoshop CS5 got a wow from me when I first used it. It is very good at replacing areas where you would otherwise need to use more strokes and time to clone or heal out a distracting element in a photograph. -Dianne Taylor-Misztela of TM Photo Photoshop CS5 Extended takes it even further, as a superset of tools and features made for professionals who want to push the boundaries of digital imaging. It delivers all the editing, compositing, and painting capabilities of Photoshop CS5 plus powerful new features for creating stunning 3D artwork from selections, graphics, and type with direct control over lighting, materials, and meshes. With all the talk and theorizing going on about Free Software development models, I thought that it might be a good idea to actually give an example. I’ve tried to keep it as accurate as possible, and hope my experiences working on this team can benefit other projects as well. Like current GIMP development, this was not done alone. This is a compilation of knowledge from a lot of people on #gimp, some of it predating my own experience. This history would not have been possible without, specifically, the help of josh, Raph, Adrian, Xach, yosh, and more generally all of the guys on #gimp. This is NOT inclusive – there are many sites and people that continue to contribute to the success of GIMP that are not listed here. — Seth Burgess 2.3 RELATED STUDIES Photoshop has long been a widely used photo-editing and graphics application. With every new update to its flagship product, Adobe adds new features and updates old ones. The most recent version at the time of publication is Photoshop CS5, and like its predecessors, it is a complex program with a steep learning curve. Nevertheless, if you are interested in mastering Photoshop, either for your personal use or as a skill you can add to your resume, there are a number of things you can do to speed up the learning process. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup and saving an 16-bit image as a JPEG. Another feature includes the Adobe Mini Bridge which allows for efficient file browsing and management.CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D and video editing. A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects. For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence. The GIMP is used by a large number of artists, amateurs, Web developers, educators. At school it is a handy tool that assists students and teachers in the preparation of graphic materials for slides, handouts, the school’s Web site or bulletin and similar projects.French artist Isabel Saij describes how she uses GIMP for her work:â€Å"It’s a program I use for different works: photo manipulation (mixing images together), drawings (my ‘digital fragments’ in relation to my ‘real fragments’ made on paper), teaching to teenagers, preparing images for video, etc.). In other words, one of my favorite programs.† There are many interesting examples of how this program is put to use by professionals and amateurs alike to effectively bring to life their ideas without giving up their freedom as computer users. Among those, there is one that goes beyond the ordinary. Man began his journey towards liberation from social constraints as an enthusiastic and talented teenager. His awareness and commitment to freedom led him to actively participate in the formation of a grassroots volunteer group in 2007, with the goal of introducing computer knowledge in his slum area in Bangalore through the use of freedom-respecting software. This brought sustained improvement to his community and ultimately a radical turn in his own life. The group set up a Free Software computer lab in the slum dwelling and Mani learned fast, becoming a teacher himself to help his peers develop better skills in the use of the various applications. He soon acquired a mastery of the advanced techniques of GIMP, and, combining technical knowledge with innate artistic abilities, he produced graphical art that he exhibited and sold. The following three-minutes video portrays Mani’s endeavor to learn Free Software. CHAPTER III This chapter describes how the research project has been done, and the type of research design followed: 3.1 DESIGN AND METHOD The researchers employed purpose sampling in selecting respondents of the study. The researchers believe that the users themselves are in the best position to determine the difference between Adobe Photoshop CS5 vs. Gimp. 3.2 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH METHOD The researcher used the descriptive method of research. They believe that this was the best method that could be employed to achieve the objective of the study. It described the objective of the study. It described the contemporary events base from the present states of affair by the phenomena rooted in the past and might affect the future. Aquino (1991) cited that descriptive research is fact finding with adequate interpretation. It is something more and beyond just dat-gathering but carried up to the level of adequate interpretation. Calderon (1993) supported the use of descriptive method of research wherein the present nature, composition of processes of phenomena are described recorded, analyzed and interpreted thereby showing how persons or group of things behave or function at the moment. 3.3 CREATIVE RESEARCH METHOD The show’s extensive use of research in its development and production process inspired several research projects that have provided evidence for its efficacy as a learning tool. Field tests showed that the attention and comprehension of young viewers increased with each repeated viewing. Anderson and a team of researchers, some of which included his colleagues at Nickelodeon, studied in 1999 â€Å"the impact of episode repetition on visual attention, audience participation, and comprehension. The researchers wanted to test whether repeated viewings of the show resulted in mastery over the material presented, or that viewers would habituate or become bored. 3.4 PROGNOSTHIC RESEARCH METHOD To provide systematic structure for the organization of the answer indicated in the accomplished problems. The main gathering device used was personally formulated by the researchers with the ideas derived from previous revised studies reviewed.

Energy Drinks Rationale Essay

Rationale Energy drinks were maufactured for the purpose of providing mental and physical stimulation for a short period of time. They are specially formulated for people who needs extra energy and are looking for a temporary mental and physical booster in order to get through day to day’s activity. Energy drinks sprung in the global market wayback 1997 with Red Bull being the very first product that hit the market. Energy drinks contain different ingredients such as caffeine, sugars, taurine, ginseng, guarana extract, and other ingredients such as vitamins and amino acids. Indeed, energy drinks are useful especially for those people who are exposed to heavy work and thinking and need an extra energy to do so. But along with the benefits that one may get in ingesting energy drinks comes the negative effects it may give in one’s body. The energy drink market is a fast-growing market, as it remains as the most dynamic segment on the soft drinks market, with strong growth in most market, according to Zenith International. It is most popular to athletes, people in professions, and students. This study is conducted to study the good and bad effects energy drinks may bring to those who ingest it, focusing specially on college students who are most likely exposed to different kind of stress and energy-draining activities such as studying. Since the focus of the study is towards the college students, the research’s aim is to explain the effects of energy drinks to the college student’s health and school performance, to weigh the good effects and the downside of ingesting it, to suggest some ideas for the betterment of the situation or for the elimination of problems encountered, and to find some alternatives for those situations which are found and proven ineffective. The discovery of energy drinks has been phenomenal. Its global consumption over the last five years has grown by about 10% anually, and now it is sold in over 160 countries worldwide, with 44% of it purchased in convenience strores and 56% purchased in bars and other places. Most of its consumers ae students. Indeed, energy drinks are very helpful to those students who need to stay awake late at night to study for a test, who are making reports, projects, assignments and other schoolworks. Energy drinks contribute in staying awake and focus. But mcuh to our knowledge, energy drinks has limitations. They  may provide extra energy, but it is temporary. They just stimulate the body and brain over a short period of time. They also do not provide an effective way of rehydrating our body and stay in our stomach longer than water because of high sugar concentration. Energy drinks, when taken up without precaution, may cause a serious problem to one’s body. Energy drinks contain caffeine, a primary content of coffee. The caffeine content of an enery drink is about 80 mg per 250 ml, equivalent to one cup of coffee. But there are energy drinks sold in larger containers, which means more caffeine content. Caffeine overdose may cause side effects such as nervousness, insomnia, palpitation, dizziness, nausea, and headache. There were reported cases of hospitalizations due to these symptoms, and even death. According to Dr. Matteo Cameli. from University of Siena, despite of its dominant bad effects to the body, they found a health benefit that it may bring in one of their studies. He explained that energy drinks enhance the contractions of both the left and right ventricle of the heart. This may be because of the effect of taurine which stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. But despite this effect, he still added that energy drinks raise the risk if cardiometabolic disease. Most cases of energy drink symptoms and toxicity are mainly caused by the effects of high-caffeine intake of the body. Most of the labels of energy drinks containers don’t really specify the contents, warnings and dosage that’s why harmful events occurs. For example, energy drinks contain guarana, which contains caffeine, but the caffeine content is not specified in the label, therefore the caffeine content of that energy drink might be higher than what is reflected. Also, most of the college students are not really typical on what is written on the labels. They must be aware on what is written on labels such as recommended use, recommended dosage, intended population, precaution, and list of ingredients. They must also be aware that the maximum recommended dosage in general is one or two cans a day. It is necessary to read the labels before purchasing a product. There are alternative ways to boost energy without taking in energy drinks, such as making one’s own energy drinks by means of natural ingredients such as fruits. In that way, they can make sure that what they are drinking are safer compared to over-the-counter energy drinks.